How is gas holdup calculated?
The overall column gas holdup is defined as = ( 2 + 3 )/2, the average gas holdup in the middle two sections. An experimental investigation is reported on the effect of fiber length distribution on gas holdup in a cocurrent air–water–fiber bubble column.
What is the hold up volume?
Hold-up-volume refers to the volume of liquid retained in a filter or housing that can be expressed with or without air purge.
What is distillation volume hold up?
Holdup volume is the amount of vapor in the flask and head along with the liquid required to wet the inner walls of the apparatus. A typical holdup volume is one or two milliliters, which can lead to significant product loss, especially in a small-scale experiment.
What is gas hold up?
Gas holdup is the volume fraction of gas in the total volume of gas–liquid phase in the bubble column, which is one of the most important parameters to characterize the hydrodynamic characteristics of the bubble column. It is closely related to the bubble size and the superficial gas velocity [5].
Why gas holdup is important?
Gas holdup is an important parameter to design liquid gas contactors because it is directly correlated with the interfacial area between the gas and the liquid phases. Gas holdup is high when the number of bubbles is large and their diameter is small (lower rise velocity).
What is liquid holdup?
The term liquid holdup is mathematically defined as. (9-10) where yL is the incompressible (liquid) fluid fraction, VL is the liquid phase volume (ft3, m3), and V is the total volume in the annulus (ft3, m3). Liquid holdup depends on flow regime, fluid properties, and pipe size and configuration.
What is a dead volume?
Dead volume is defined as the volume of solution that remains in the needle after an injection. To achieve a precise dispense the dead volume must be completely primed with sample by rapidly filling and dispensing until the air bubbles are flushed from the system.
What is void volume and dead volume in HPLC?
Dead volume and void volume are equivalent and represent the total volume of the system from the injector to the detector including the space accessible to the mobile phase in the column. Dwell volume is only considered in gradient analysis and represents the volume from the mixer to the head of the column.
Why a distillation flask should not be filled?
The flask should be no more than two thirds full because there needs to be sufficient clearance above the surface of the liquid so that when boiling commences the liquid is not propelled into the condenser, compromising the purity of the distillate. Vapors will begin to rise through the neck of the distillation flask.
Under what conditions would you choose to carry out a simple distillation?
What is simple distillation, and what is it used for? Separating liquids boiling bellow 150˚C, one of the liquids has to have a b.p. at least 25˚C greater than the other. The liquids should also dissolve in each other. It can only separate pure liquids with large differences in boiling point.
What is gas holdup in a bioreactor?
The volume fraction of the dispersed gas phase is referred to as the gas hold-up. It is of considerable practical importance as it determines the maximal volume of culture broth that can be operated in a given bioreactor.
What does the term hold up volume mean?
Hold-up-volume refers to the volume of liquid retained in a filter or housing that can be expressed with or without air purge.
How to calculate the hold up of a pipe?
And if for given pipe info. like length, diameter, no. of bends etc (complete structure), can I calculte theoretically the actual hold-up. The volume of any hollow cylindrical geometrical shape (in your case pipe) is calculated as the product of the cross-sectional area to the length of the pipe section.
How to calculate initial concentration and final volume?
Answer: Since you know the initial concentration (10x), the final concentration (2x), and the final volume (500 ml), you can use the formula: (initial concentration)(initial volume) = (final concentration)(final volume) (10x)(X ml) = (2x)(500 ml)
How to calculate the volume of 10 ml?
Answer: 1:5 dilution = 1/5 dilution = 1 part sample and 4 parts diluent in a total of 5 parts. If you need 10 ml, final volume, then you need 1/5 of 10 ml = 2 ml sample. To bring this 2 ml sample up to a total volume of 10 ml, you must add 10 ml – 2 ml = 8 ml diluent.